Song：Multiplicity of natural disasters

The Song Dynasty suffered the worst chain of disasters since ancient times: the third climate cold period, the millennium eruption of the Changbai volcano in 940, and the series of earthquakes and seismic floods after 1038. These disasters have severely impacted societies. This article describes the three basic types of earthquakes that are tectonic, volcanic and collapsed earthquakes. Focusing on the distribution of volcanoes in China, types of volcanic earthquakes and examples of recent volcanic eruptions, the relationship between volcanoes and shallow- and deep-source earthquakes is analyzed. The deep-source earthquakes in mainland China, mainly located in the Hunchun area, are directly related to the subduction of plates purchased from the Sea of Japan. Finally, the mechanics of volcanic eruptions are described.