两次海地7.3级地震应急救援对比分析

高娜; 王海鹰

doi:10.19987/j.dzkxjz.2022-164

两次海地7.3级地震应急救援对比分析

doi: 10.19987/j.dzkxjz.2022-164

高娜,
王海鹰

中国地震应急搜救中心，北京 100049

详细信息

作者简介:
高娜（1981-），女，高级工程师，主要从事地震应急救援研究。E-mail：uich@163.com

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-11-10
- 录用日期: 2023-02-16
- 网络出版日期: 2023-02-28

Comparative analysis of emergency rescue of two Haiti M7.3 earthquake

National Earthquake Response Support Service, beijing, 100049, China

摘要

摘要: 海地是一个长期经济相对落后的国家，严重的贫困状况导致了社会应对灾害的脆弱性，政府一方面无法提供大量的资金建设防震、抗震房屋，另一方面未曾有效制订建筑标准，也无强制执行的建筑法规，导致房屋建设缺乏规划、建筑物普遍不设防、抗震性能差、震后损失重。2010和2021年海地分别发生7.3级地震，均造成大量人员伤亡。本文从地震造成的人员伤亡情况、海地政府应急响应情况及救灾效果、国际救援组织援助情况3个方面对2次地震的应急响应和救援能力进行了对比分析。结果发现两次地震灾害均有国际救援力量参与，2010年的地震救援则是一种无政府状态，以国际力量救援为主，海地政府为辅的救援活动，2021年政府的应急响应速度有显著提升，在救灾中发挥了绝对主导作用。对国际救援案例和国际救援力量的分析和研究可为我国国际救援队伍派出、对外援助提供有效决策建议。
- 海地地震 /
- 应急救援 /
- 国际援助
Abstract: Haiti is a country with a relatively backward economy for a long time, the severe poverty situation has led to the vulnerability of the society to cope with disasters. On one hand, the government cannot provide a large amount of funds to build shockproof and anti-seismic houses, on the other hand, it has not effectively formulated building standards, and there are no mandatory construction laws and regulations, which resulting in the lack of planning for building construction, the general lack of fortification of buildings, poor seismic performance and heavy losses after the earthquake.In 2010 and 2021, earthquakes of magnitude 7.3 occurred in Haiti respectively,both caused a large number of casualties. This paper analyzes and summarizes the emergency response and rescue capacity of the two earthquakes from three aspects: casualties caused by the two earthquakes, Haiti government emergency response and disaster relief effect, and assistance from international rescue organizations.The results showed that the international rescue forces have participated in the two earthquake disaster rescue, and the earthquake rescue in 2010 was a state of anarchy,the rescue activities were mainly carried out by international forces, supplemented by the Haitian government. The emergency response speed of the government has significantly improved in 2021, and the government played an absolutely leading role in disaster relief. The analysis and study of international rescue cases and international rescue forces can provide effective decision-making suggestions for the dispatch of China's international rescue teams and foreign aid.
- Haiti earthquake /
- emergency rescue /
- international aid

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图 1 海地2次7.3级地震位置分布图

Figure 1. Epicenter distribution map of two M7.3 earthquakes in Haiti

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表 1 两次地震基本情况对比

Table 1. Comparison of basic information of two earthquakes

年份	震级	人口密度/50 km²	距太子港距离/km	最大余震	人员伤亡	灾害大小
2010	7.3	546	16	6.4	31.6万人死亡， 30万人受伤	巨灾
2021	7.3	125	123	5.8	2248人死亡， 12763人受伤	大灾

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表 2 两次地震救援对比分析

Table 2. Comparative analysis of two earthquake rescue

	灾害大小	政府响应	请求国际援助	救灾效果	国际救援组织	救援工作主导
2010年	巨灾	民防局在震后第2天开始工作	通过不同渠道呼吁国际援助，广泛需求各救援队	政府各部门陷于瘫痪，救援迟缓	29个国家参与，67支国际搜救队	国际组织为主，海地政府为辅
2021年	大灾	地震当天部署救灾工作	邀请邻近国家救援队就近支援，明确提出国际医疗队伍需求	政府响应、救灾协调、医疗救治显著提升	周边国家参与，6支国际救援队伍	海地政府救灾为主，国际组织为辅

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