Research progress of the extraction body waves from ambient noise
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摘要: 地球深部结构探测是地球物理学的核心领域，而地震体波可以深入地球内部且分辨率较高，是研究地球内部结构不可或缺的技术手段。基于背景噪声提取高信噪比体波信号技术的迅速发展，极大地促进了地震学的发展和应用范围，使其在地球深部结构成像、城市浅层空间探测等领域日益发挥出重要作用。本文详细综述了如何利用地震干涉法及台阵处理技术提取出用于研究不同探测尺度（局部、区域、全球）的各类体波信号。其中，地震干涉法通过对地震台站记录到的波形信号进行互相关，抵消掉重合的射线路径，最后得到台站对之间的地震记录；而台阵处理方法是基于接收器台阵发展起来的数据处理手段，该技术不仅能够进一步提高信噪比（SNR），而且能够获得方位信息。一般来讲，背景噪声中包含的体波信号能量远低于面波信号能量，提取难度大。本文着重介绍了Bin-叠加法、双波束方法（DBF）以及相位加权叠加法（PWS），并对3种方法的适用条件进行了总结。Abstract: The exploration of the deep structure of the earth is the core part of geophysical research. Seismic body waves can penetrate deep into the earth with a high resolution and it is an indispensable technical means for studying the internal structure of the earth. The rapid development of technology for extracting high signal-to-noise ratio body wave signals based on ambient noise has greatly promoted the development and application of seismology, making it increasingly play an important role in the imaging of deep earth structures and shallow urban space exploration. This article reviews in detail how to use seismic interferometry and array processing technology to extract various types of body wave signals for research on different detection scales (local, regional, global). Among them, the seismic interferometry cross-correlates the waveform signals recorded by the seismic stations to cancel out the coincident ray paths, and finally the seismic records between the station pairs are obtained; and the array processing method is based on the data developed by the receiver array processing means. This technology can not only further improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), but also obtain position information. Generally speaking, since the energy of the body wave signal contained in the ambient noise is much weaker than that of the surface wave signal, it is difficult to extract. This article focuses on the Bin stack method, the double beamforming method (DBF) and the phase-weighted stacks method (PWS), and concludes the applicable conditions of the three methods.
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Key words:
- ambient noise /
- body waves /
- seismic interferometry /
- seismic array /
- earth structure imaging
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图 1 相关型地震波干涉法的射线路径示意图
Figure 1. Ray path diagram of correlation seismic interferometry
图 4 Tono台阵上观察到的互相关函数，互相关函数在每隔1 km的间隔距离上取平均值。灰色 （上图） 显示了两侧的交叉相关性。红色 （中间） 和蓝色 （底部） 显示了两侧相关性 （灰色） 的时间对称和时间反对称部分。与两侧相关性相比，时间对称和时间反对称分量的幅度放大了2倍。灰色虚线表示波以6.0 km/s和3.0 km/s的速度传播[70]
Figure 4. Observed cross-correlation functions at Tono array. Cross-correlation functions are averaged over every 1 km separation distance. Gray (top) shows two side cross correlations. Red (middle) and blue (bottom) show the time-symmetric and time-antisymmetric parts of the two side correlations (gray). The amplitude of the time-symmetric and time-antisymmetric components is enlarged by a factor of 2 as compared to that of the two side correlations. Gray broken lines indicate the traveltimes of waves with 6.0 km/s and 3.0 km/s[70]
图 9 （a） 显示芬兰北部地震台阵 （红色三角形） 的地图；（b） 基于背景噪声互相关 （中间）、AK135模型 （左） 、该区域的最终模型 （右） 数据提取的410 km和660 km不连续面反射P波信号[32]
Figure 9. （a） Map showing the stations of the seismic array (red triangles) in northern Finland；（b） Extracted reflected waves from 410-km and 660-km discontinuities from ambient noise (middle)，synthetic with AK135 model (left), and final model for this region (right)[32]
图 11 （a） 通过Bin-叠加得到的各分量 （TT、RR、ZZ） 的CCFs；（b） 基于全球标准参考地球模型得到的合成格林函数 （TT、RR、ZZ）；（c） 图a中0°—40°震中距范围内的局部放大图，以显示出清晰的P波和PL波[37]
Figure 11. (a) CCFs of each component obtained by Bin-stacked （TT，RR，ZZ）；（b） TT, RR, and ZZ components of the synthetic Green’s functions obtained with the spherical Earth model；（c） A partial zoom up view within the range of 0°—40° epicenter distance to show clear P and PL waves in figure (a) [37]
图 12 北安纳托利亚断裂带反射P波响应。从左往右分别为不同剖面上的台站自相关叠加结果，红线表示推测可能存在的间断面。其中根据先验信息推测12 s处为莫霍面[93]
Figure 12. P wave reflection response of the North Anatolia fault zone. From left to right are the superposition results of station autocorrelation on different sections, and the red dashed lines indicate possible discontinuities that may exist. Among them, according to the prior information, it is inferred that the Moho surface is at 12 s[93]
图 13 尾波与直达波对介质性质微小变化的敏感度对比。在震源和接收器都不变的情况下，两条曲线（红、蓝）分别代表仅温度发生微小变化时得到的两个互相关波形[48]
Figure 13. The sensitivity comparison of media’s subtle variations between coda wave and first arrival wave. In the case that the source and receiver are unchanged, the two curves (red and blue) respectively represent the two cross-correlation waveforms obtained only when the temperature changes slightly[48]
图 14 （a） I2与II2震相的射线路径，CMB：核幔边界；ICB：内外核边界；（b） 57个台站的位置 （实心三角形） 及其对跖点 （空心三角形） 以及地核内部 （红色十字） 的各向异性快轴位置；（c） 自相关叠加得到的经验格林函数；（d） 外内核 （OIC） 和地核内部 （IIC） 的各向异性示意图[90]
Figure 14. （a） Ray paths of I2 and II2 waves from a station to its antipode and back；（b） Locations of 57 station arrays (filled triangles) and antipodes (open triangles) and the IIC fast axis (red crosses)；（c） Example EGFs from autocorrelation stacks；（d） Schematic for the anisotropy of the OIC and the IIC[90]
图 15 通过Bin-叠加提高信噪比的例子[74]
（a） 接收器的位置，红点表示2500个接收器的位置，白色三角形表示 （b） 中使用的互相关参考接收器；（b） 互相关道集；（c） 使用所有互相关对的Bin-叠加道集
Figure 15. Example to improve the SNR after binned stack[74]
（a） Location of receivers，the red dots show the location of 2500 receivers，and the white star indicates the reference receiver for cross-correlation used in （b）；（b） Cross-correlation gather；（c） Bin-stacked gather using all correlation pairs
图 16 使用DBF提高信噪比的例子，黄色箭头显示台阵之间的直达体波[115]
（a） 研究区域接收器台阵几何形状；（b） 单个接收器对之间的小时相关函数；（c） 使用台阵中的所有接收器并进行Bin-叠加；（d） 使用台阵中的所有接收器并进行DBF处理
Figure 16. Example to improve the SNR after DBF，the yellow arrows highlight the direct body waves between arrays[115]
（a） Geometry of receiver arrays；（b） Hourly crosscorrelation functions between two receivers；（c） Using all receivers in the arrays and computing binned stack；（d） Using all receivers in the arrays and computing DBF
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