The tidal triggering of earthquakes
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摘要: 地震潮汐触发是指由潮汐引起的应力变化而触发地震的现象,对地震潮汐触发的研究可能为断层错动引发地震的条件提供有价值的线索,一直受到国内外研究者的关注,本文对相关研究方法和研究结果进行了简要介绍和评述。在早期,地震潮汐触发研究主要是在地震活动中寻找潮汐周期。随着研究的深入,运用统计检验方法对地震活动与潮汐之间的相关性进行严格检验。时至今日,地震是否被潮汐触发的问题仍然悬而未决。不过,有研究结果表明,在强震发生前数年,震源区地震活动往往受到潮汐触发,如果这个结果被证实,将为地震预测研究提供新的线索。Abstract: The tidal triggering of earthquakes refers to the phenomenon that the stress change caused by the tide triggers the earthquake. Because the study of the tidal triggering of earthquakes may provide valuable information on the conditions of fault rupture, it has attracted the persistent attention of researchers around the whole world. In this paper, the related research methods and results are briefly reviewed. In the early days, investigation on seismic tidal triggering focus mainly on finding tidal period in seismic activity. As the research goes further, the correlation between seismic activity and tides is tested strictly by statistical test method. Up to now, whether earthquakes are triggered by tides or not is still unanswered. However, some researches show that seismic activity in the focal area is often triggered by tides in several years before a strong earthquake. If it is confirmed, new clues will be provided for earthquake prediction.
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Key words:
- earthquake /
- triggering /
- tide /
- earthquake prediction
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表 1 不同显著性水平下统计检验量的临界值
Table 1. The critical values of statistical test quantity for different significance levels
显著性水平a值 Za 显著性水平a值 Za 0.001 3.29 0.01 2.575 0.002 3.09 0.02 2.336 0.005 2.81 0.05 1.960 表 2 1969年以前地震与潮汐相关性研究的主要结果
Table 2. The main results on the correlation between earthquakes and tides before 1969
表 3 1970—1979年地震与潮汐相关性研究的主要结果
Table 3. The main results on the correlation between earthquakes and tides in the period from 1970 to 1979
关系 作者 主要内容 相关 Shlien[33] 美国西南部和汤加地区1966年发生的地震与潮汐之间存在显著相关性 Filson等[34] 加拉帕戈斯群岛火山地震与潮汐之间存在相关性 Mauk等[35] 阿拉斯加圣奥古斯丁火山区发生的微地震倾向于发生在固体潮或海潮峰值附近 Kayano[36] 日本本州冈山县10天内发生的12次小地震(1.9≤M≤3.3)与潮汐之间存在相关性 Mauk等[37] 全球火山爆发与半月潮汐相关,往往发生在潮汐振幅最大的时候 Hamilton[38] 全球火山爆发与半月潮汐相关,往往发生在潮汐振幅最大的时候 Tamrazyan[40] 1966年塔什干地震和它的14次最大余震与半月潮汐之间存在相关性 Lammlein等[41] 月震与月球的半月潮有很好的相关性 Heaton[16] 较大的浅源(H<30 km)斜滑和倾滑地震的发生与潮汐剪应力相关 Klein[42] 在帝王谷(Imperial Valley)发生的地震群和大西洋中部断裂带发生的的走滑型地震中,可以看到显著的半日潮之间的相关性。大西洋中脊中部和雷克雅尼斯半岛发生的震群、拉特群岛的余震以及东北太平洋断裂带的地震,它们与半日潮的相关性也较为显著 不相关 Shlien[32] 在USCGS目录中没有发现2—256天的周期 Shlien[33] 日本、土耳其和希腊、三明治群岛、阿富汗和塔吉克等地区的地震以及1969年8月11日色当岛余震序列与潮汐之间没有显著相关性 Willis等[39] 加州中部地震与半日潮之间不存在相关性 Heaton[16] 浅源走滑地震和中深源地震与潮汐之间不存在相关性 表 4 1980—1989年地震与潮汐相关性研究的主要结果
Table 4. The main results on the correlation between earthquakes and tides in the period 1980 to 1989
关系 作者 主要内容 相关 高锡铭等[17] 沿断层错动矢量的潮汐剪应力对地震的触发作用明显 丁中一等[18] 潮汐力对于我国或我国邻近发生的浅源走滑型地震有较明显的触发作用,对于华北地区的地震,潮汐力的触发作用则更加明显 Kilston等[43] 南加州地区M≥6.0地震与日升和日落以及新月和满月之间具有显著相关性 秦保燕[44] 1970年宁夏西吉5.5级地震前小震受到固体潮调制显著 刘光远等[46] 我国大陆地区历史强震和现今中强以上破坏性地震的发震时刻往往位于震中区当天倾斜固体潮的峰值段上 Rydelek等[47] 1967—1983年间在夏威夷基拉韦厄火山发生的4次地震群中具有日和半日周期的显著的调制 王威中等[48] 我国西南地区正断层地震与潮汐流体静应力有一定相关性,而走滑和逆断层地震与潮汐最大剪应力有明显关系 不相关 丁中一等[18] 潮汐力对于我国或我国邻近发生的浅源斜滑及倾滑型地震则没有明显的触发作用 Heaton[16] 对全球中强以上地震,无论是对于潮汐剪切应力,还是垂直于断层面的压应力,都没有发现与地震活动之间的显著相关性 Kilston等[43] 南加州地区5.3≤M≤5.9地震与日升和日落以及新月和满月之间没有显著相关性 Hartzell等[49] 在美国南加州和全球地震目录中没有发现地震活动的半月潮汐周期 表 5 1990—1999年地震与潮汐相关性研究的主要结果
Table 5. The main results on the correlation between earthquakes and tides in the period from 1990 to 1999
关系 作者 主要内容 相关 李志安等[51] 华北地区1961—1989年发生的15次MS>5.6的前震和主震发生在朔望期具有显著性,西南地区1960—1989年35次MS>5.8的强前震和主震发生在下弦和朔附近具有显著性 Tsuruoka 等[19] 全球1977年1月—1992年6月间发生的MS≥6.0正断层型地震与潮汐体积应力以及潮汐应力在地震震源机制的主张应力轴上的分量存在显著的相关性,海域地区发生的正断层地震更明显 陈荣华等[52] 中国大陆地区12次7级及以上地震和44次6级及以上地震前震源区及其附近发生的显著地震和主震发生时,月亮差不多都在震源区的同一方位或与这一方位相隔180°的位置附近 韩延本等[53] 对于中国西南及华北地区地震,引潮力的东西方向水平分量与地震发生时刻有密切关系 陈学忠等[22] 华北地区MS≥7强震发生前,震中附近地区中等地震的发生具有较为明显的月相效应 黎凯武[54] 1966年河北隆尧6.8级、宁晋7.2级、1967年河间6.3级以及1976年唐山7.8级等地震的发震时刻与朔望大潮半日潮水平引潮力极大值时刻极为接近 杜品仁[23] 华北地区及其地震带的强震活动与月相密切相关 吴小平等[55] 走滑型地震受潮汐促滑作用的比例在低纬区间较大、中高纬区间较小,而倾滑斜滑型地震受潮汐促滑作用的比例在低纬区间较小、中高纬区间较大 不相关 Rydelek等[50] 意大利坎皮佛莱格瑞火山地震活动与潮汐之间无相关性 Tsuruoka等[19] 全球1977年1月—1992年6月间发生的MS≥6.0地震中没有发现支持走滑型和逆冲型地震的潮汐触发证据 陈学忠等[22] 华北地区MS≥5.0地震的月相效应不明显 Vidale 等[27] 美国加州卡拉维拉斯断层上和帕克菲尔德附近地区的地震潮汐应力或潮汐应力速率之间不具有相关性 Lockner等[56] 实验研究表明地震与固体潮之间的相关性不存在可能是合理的 表 6 2000—2009年地震与潮汐相关性研究的主要结果
Table 6. The main results on the correlation between earthquakes and tides in the period 2000 to 2009
关系 作者 主要内容 相关 黎凯武[57] 云南地区发生的一些地震被固体潮大潮触发具有显著性 张国民等[58] 我国大陆地区地震活跃期里的地震受到潮汐触发具有显著性 李丽等[24] 台湾地区地震活动与月相角明显相关。台湾岛上,造成重大灾害的中强地震在从朔起算的第4个太阳日附近发生的概率是其余时段的 4 倍 Wilcock[59] 胡安德富卡山脊地区微震容易发生在固体潮低潮附近 Tanaka等[20] 全球逆冲型地震与潮汐剪切应力之间具有强相关性,1982年南汤加MW7.5地震前数年,在地震破裂区及其附近地区发生的地震具有显著的潮汐效应 陈荣华[15] 2001年四川雅江6.0级地震前震源区及其附近地区发生的3次显著地震之间的夹角都很小,预示它们可能被潮汐力触发 Tanaka等[61] 当潮汐应力使区域构造应力增加时,可能促进地震的发生 Cochran等[62] 全球地震中的逆冲型地震的潮汐相关性随着周期性信号振幅的升高而增大 张晶等[14] 中国大陆1970—2001年间发生的10次7级以上地震序列中的4级以上地震发生时,震区引潮力水平分量的方位角位于一个相对小的范围内,显示出优势分布 Stroup等[65] 东太平洋隆升处的微震与潮汐张应力峰值期具有显著相关性 蒋海昆等[66] 汶川地震序列MS≥5.4的早期余震发生在上下弦时期具有显著性 吴小平等[67] 中国及邻区区域应力场主应力取向为NW向、NNW向和NS向的构造区地震的潮汐应力触发效应明显,而取向为NE向、NEE向和EW向的构造区地震的潮汐应力触发效应次之 Wilcock[68] 对海洋潮高与东北太平洋地区地震活动速率之间的关系研究表明,在低潮附近地震活动速率明显增加 Métivier等[69] NEIC全球地震目录中的地震与固体潮汐之间具有相关性,但潮汐相关性与震源机制之间关系在统计上没有显著性 不相关 黎凯武[57] 华北地区和新疆发生的一些地震被固体潮大潮触发不显著 张国民等[58] 固体潮对平静期里发生的地震的触发不显著 Beeler等[60] 地震潮汐触发的实验室试验研究表明地震与日潮之间的相关性非常弱 Tanaka 等[63] 在日本东海地区的808个1.5级以上地震中看不出地震与潮汐剪切应力之间的显著相关性 Cadicheanu等[64] 在罗马尼亚地区1981—2005年间发生的近3000个中深源地震中没有发现显著的潮汐相关性 陈学忠等[70] 根据引潮力在震源断层面上产生的有效剪切应力分析,1990—2008年我国西部及邻近地区先后发生的震中位于35°N线附近的6 次7.0级以上地震的发生没有受到明显的引潮力触发 表 7 2010年至今地震与潮汐相关性研究的主要结果
Table 7. The main results on the correlation between earthquakes and tides since 2010
关系 作者 主要内容 相关 Tanaka[71-72] 在2004年苏门答腊9.0级地震、2005年尼亚斯岛8.6级、2007年南苏门答腊 8.5级地震以及2011年日本本州MW9.1地震前数年地震活动具有明显的潮汐触发效应,震后消失 李金等[73] 龙门山断裂带北段的一组强余震受潮汐触发明显 李智蓉等[74] 对于全球震源深度小于70 km的MW7.0及以上地震,当潮汐剪应力方向与滑动方向一致时触发作用最为明显,逆断层地震与潮汐的关系最为密切 许亚吉等[75] 潮汐库仑破裂应力在低纬和中纬地区对正断层的促滑较突出、而在中高纬地区对逆断层的促滑较明显,对于走滑断层,其促滑作用随纬度增加而减小 Li等[76] 汶川MS8.0地震前松潘—甘孜褶皱带地震活动具有明显的潮汐触发效应,而四川盆地发生的地震潮汐效应不明显 孙长青等[77] 潮汐应力对印度块体和拉萨块体的正断和逆断型地震,滇缅泰块体、印支块体和松潘—甘孜块体的走滑和斜滑型地震,川滇菱形块体的斜滑型地震均存在不同程度的触发效应 解朝娣等[78] 2007年宁洱地震与潮汐应力之间存在潮汐触发相关性,潮汐应力的周期和振幅值对断层地震成核失稳过程的均有影响 Bucholc等[10] 南加州地震台网记录到的地震,对逆冲型地震可以观测到潮汐信号,潮汐应力的强弱在潮汐触发中起着重要作用 李艳娥等[79] 汶川MS8.0地震发生时,固体潮日潮引起的应力有利于断层面错动,震前中小地震存在被固体潮触发的现象,被触发的地震集中分布在汶川地震破裂区南段 -
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