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摘要: 通过人工震源实验,研究地震反射率变化用于监测活火山之下结构演变,认为其与岩浆卸载有关。樱岛火山是日本最活跃的火山之一,也是目前研究的主要目标。每年在火山区域开展人工震源实验,共计完成6期实验。通过对每期实验的数据进行分析,获取了两个地震反射剖面。实验清晰地反映出樱岛东北部深度6.2 km处的地震反射率年变化情况。2009年12月首次岩浆入侵时出现最大反射率,随后逐渐下降,直到2013年12月,与樱岛火山膨胀压缩周期相一致。反射率变化发生在地壳深部嵌入的明显反射区内。位于中间层的夹层结构被作为反射区模型。低速岩浆嵌入中间层及其后续波速的增加可用于解释反射率的变化范围。这也解释了地壳深部岩浆喷发与温度下降的关系。该研究描述了一种用于即时获取岩浆特性以及监测活火山的新方法。
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图 1 樱岛火山。左上角箭头表示樱岛火山的位置。五角星表示主要的爆破点,圆点表示台站位置。灰色虚线表示岩浆活动通道[16]。KT、MD和SY分别表示北岳峰顶、南岳和昭和火山口。利用日本地理空间信息局(GSI)提供的50 m分辨率的数字栅格地图提取了100 m间距等高线图
图 2 自2007年1月起伸缩仪记录值和火山落灰记录结果。曲线表示图1中HART的伸缩仪记录月值(由日本京都大学提供)。柱状表示鹿儿岛县每月火山落灰结果(由日本气象厅提供)。箭头表示每次地震实验。罗马数字表示活跃周期
图 4 2009年实验获取的震动图,除了图5中的爆破点SHRE和KURE。图中已标注正极
图 5 每年爆破记录。上图为EW测线上SHRE爆破点记录,下图为NS测线上KURE爆破点记录。爆破点KURE未获取2013年12月震动图。箭头表示到达波A。图形排列方式与图4相同
图 11 地震剖面位置。中间点沿着EW测线为0—188,沿着NS测线为0—250。高程如图1所描述
图 16 偏差剖面。偏差剖面体现出与参考值的差异。上部表示EW测线的偏差剖面,下部表示NS测线的偏差剖面。相应的参考剖面显示在各行的最左侧。所应用的色调变化值与图15中相同
表 1 历年实验与2009年实验振幅比的关系
爆破点 2009年12月 2010年12月 2011年12月 2012年12月 2013年12月 2014年12月 KURE 1.000 0.803 0.669 0.674 – 0.959 KRKE 1.000 0.990 1.379 1.481 – 1.244 JGKE 1.000 1.181 1.326 1.200 – 1.238 UTOE 1.000 1.069 1.017 0.922 – 0.881 UTKE 1.000 1.097 0.941 1.097 – 1.069 KMME 1.000 0.993 1.024 1.142 – 1.010 KOME 1.000 1.634 1.367 1.368 1.106 1.696 FKRE 1.000 0.883 1.678 0.986 – 1.298 WIZE 1.000 0.701 0.505 1.390 – 0.978 URAE 1.000 1.188 – – – – URNE 1.000 1.061 1.023 1.228 1.138 1.241 SHRE 1.000 0.994 1.238 1.333 1.163 1.176 FTME 1.000 0.807 0.538 0.917 0.578 0.536 KBNE 1.000 1.225 1.122 1.255 1.488 1.453 表 2 历年实验与2009年实验的爆破延时关系(s)
爆破点 2009年12月 2010年12月 2011年12月 2012年12月 2013年12月 2014年12月 KURE 0.000 –0.004 –0.007 0.011 – 0.004 KRKE 0.000 0.004 0.022 0.034 – –0.040 JGKE 0.000 0.006 0.019 0.017 – 0.012 UTOE 0.000 0.008 0.018 0.010 – 0.006 UTKE 0.000 0.008 0.020 0.020 – 0.010 KMME 0.000 0.003 0.009 0.008 – –0.003 KOME 0.000 –0.002 0.006 0.008 0.008 0.004 FKRE 0.000 –0.008 0.020 0.026 – 0.020 WIZE 0.000 –0.004 –0.010 0.020 – 0.014 URAE 0.000 0.001 – – – – URNE 0.000 0.009 0.010 0.016 0.002 0.016 SHRE 0.000 0.000 0.024 0.032 0.024 0.020 FTME 0.000 0.016 –0.008 0.020 –0.004 0.000 KBNE 0.000 0.030 0.024 0.038 0.040 0.040 表 3 历年实验与2009年实验结果的相关关系
爆破点 2009年12月 2010年12月 2011年12月 2012年12月 2013年12月 2014年12月 KURE 1.000 0.789 0.486 0.548 – 0.655 KRKE 1.000 0.776 0.597 0.631 – 0.407 JGKE 1.000 0.742 0.605 0.666 – 0.578 UTOE 1.000 0.790 0.690 0.703 – 0.668 UTKE 1.000 0.856 0.744 0.796 – 0.699 KMME 1.000 0.837 0.830 0.812 – 0.794 KOME 1.000 0.809 0.796 0.803 0.719 0.763 FKRE 1.000 0.751 0.251 0.329 – 0.287 WIZE 1.000 0.560 0.400 0.257 – 0.358 URAE 1.000 0.894 – – – – URNE 1.000 0.845 0.760 0.726 0.735 0.640 SHRE 1.000 0.703 0.737 0.670 0.690 0.619 FTME 1.000 0.848 0.462 0.673 0.446 0.462 KBNE 1.000 0.668 0.576 0.543 0.429 0.449 表 4 地震反射分析
表 5 波速函数(引自Tsutsui等[20]的研究成果)
双向时间
/s叠加波速
/(m·s–1)深度
/m地层波速
/(m·s–1)0.95 1 459 693 1 459 1.43 1 880 1 344 2 506 2.02 2 385 2 409 3 313 3.41 3 410 5 814 4 495 4.8 4 283 10 280 5 901 -
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