Research progress of seismic remote sensing anomalies based on multi-parameter combined analysis
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摘要: 卫星对地观测技术是全球范围内实时监测孕震区地震活动和震后应急救援的有力工具。过去的几十年里，不同种类的卫星观测数据被应用于地震遥感异常探测领域中，并逐渐开展了从单个震例分析，到普遍规律探索，再到内部机理研究的多方面探讨。但由于地球系统的复杂性和孕震过程的不确定性，地震遥感异常研究仍充满困难和挑战。本文利用文献计量分析方法，探究了现今国内外地震遥感异常研究的关注热点和趋势方向，认为目前对于地震遥感异常的研究已由单一参量发展为多参量联合分析阶段；通过3个前沿研究案例分析了常用的综合分析参量与异常分析方法，以及多参量之间的时空同步性关系，表明多参量遥感异常的结合研究和交叉验证是地震遥感异常研究中的重要手段，可以在未来地震前兆研究中发挥重要作用。Abstract: Satellite Earth observation technology is a powerful tool for real-time monitoring of earthquake activity in seismogenic areas and emergency rescue after earthquakes on a global scale. In the past few decades, varieties of satellite observation data have been used in the field of seismic remote sensing anomaly detection. And multi-faceted discussion from analysis of individual earthquake cases to the exploration of universal laws and the study of internal mechanisms have been carried out. However, due to the complexity of the Earth system and the uncertainty of the seismic preparation process, seismic remote sensing anomaly research is still full of difficulties and challenges. This paper uses the bibliometric analysis method to explore the hotspots and directions of current seismic remote sensing anomaly research all around the world. It is believed that the research on seismic remote sensing anomalies has developed from single anomaly parameter analysis to multi-anomaly parameters comprehensive analysis stage currently. By three frontier research cases to analyze commonly used comprehensive analysis parameters and methods, as well as the spatiotemporal synchronization relationship between multiple parameters, it indicates that the combined research and cross-validation of multi-parameter remote sensing anomalies is an important method in seismic remote sensing anomaly research, which can play a significant role in the study of earthquake precursors in the future.
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Key words:
- multi-parameter /
- remote sensing anomaly /
- earthquake precursor /
- bibliometrics
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图 1 空间对地观测技术在地震遥感异常应用领域年发文量情况
Figure 1. Annual publications of earth observation technology in seismic anomaly
图 2 地震遥感异常应用研究国家和研究机构共现图谱
（a） 研究国家； （b） 研究机构
Figure 2. Co-occurrence map of research countries and institutions in the field of seismic anomaly applications using earth observation technology
（a） Research countries；（b） Research institutions
图 3 地震遥感异常应用领域研究手段时间发展趋势图
（a） 国际研究手段时间发展趋势；（b） 国内研究手段时间发展趋势
Figure 3. Trend of research methods in the field of seismic anomaly using earth observation technology
（a） International trend of research methods；（b） Domestic trend of research methods
图 5 地震遥感异常研究关键字图谱
（a） 国际近5年关键词图谱；（b） 国内近5年关键词图谱
Figure 5. Keywords map of the seismic anomalies research using remote sensing technology
（a） International keywords map nearly five years；（b） Domestic keywords map nearly five years
表 1 文献检索关键词表
Table 1. Table of literature keywords
圈层 关键词 盖层 地表温度；微波亮温；红外亮温；长波辐射；植被指数 大气层 大气温度；气溶胶光学厚度；线性云；含碳气体；潜热通量；大气水汽 电离层 总电子含量；F2层扰动；电子浓度；离子浓度；电子/离子温度；磁场强度 
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表 2 研究案例基本信息
Table 2. Introduction of the research case
地震案例 数据源 分析参量 研究时段 分析方法 研究团队 2017-08-08
九寨沟MW6.5FY-2E、FY-2G TBB、OLR、MIB 2014-01—2017-09 功率谱法 Zhong等[24] GNSS TEC 2014-07—08 滑动四分位距法 2018-02-04
台湾花莲MW6.1
和2018-02-06
台湾花莲MW6.4IGS站点 TEC 震前15天，震后5天 滑动四分位距法 Muhammad等[42] GIOVANNI 在线数据库 每日OLR $ \mu \pm 2\sigma $指标 MERRA-2 位势高度 GLDAS 地表气温 NOAA 在线数据库 每日异常复合数据集 2019-07-04
和2019-07-06
加州MW6.5，MW7.1GNSS TEC 震前1月，震后5天 滑动四分位距法 Xie等 [41] CSES、Swarm Ne CSES：2019-06—07
Swarm：含地震日的3个月时空变化分析 CSES、Swarm Te 注：TBB为黑体亮度温度、MIB为中红外亮度、OLR为出射长波辐射；TEC为总电子含量、Ne为电子密度、Te为电子温度；GLDAS为全球陆地数据同化系统；MERRA-2为NASA的现代回顾性研究和应用第二版；CSES指中国电磁卫星 “张衡一号” ，Swarm星座是欧洲航天局三颗卫星（SwarmA、SwarmB和SwarmC）组成的卫星任务；引入F10.7，Dst， Kp等指数排除太阳活动与地磁场的干扰，F10.7为太阳活动指数、Dst为扰动风暴时间指数、Kp为磁极指数
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表 3 各案例地震异常参量时空展布及同步特性
Table 3. Temporal and spatial distribution and synchronization characteristics of seismic anomalous parameters in each case
地震案例 异常参量 时间分布 空间分布 磁性干扰情况 多参量同步性 2017-08-08
九寨沟MW6.5TBB，OLR，MIB 红外异常在震前1个月开始出现，直至震后1个月消逝；
非地震年，无红外异常红外异常分布在震中的东南方向；均在同一地震断层区 在电离层TEC增加期间，无来自太阳活动与地磁活动的干扰 在无来自太阳风暴、地磁风暴的干扰情况下，热辐射与电离层TEC异常具有良好的时间、空间对应性 TEC 震前10天开始出现TEC异常，震后1周不再变化 震中南部和华容山断裂带南部大范围的电离层TEC正异常，后者的异常幅度更大 2018-02-04
台湾花莲MW6.1
和2018-02-06
台湾花莲MW6.4TEC 震前1天，有正的电离层扰动，TEC显著增强，震前8小时消失 震中附近，震中西北方向 安静地磁条件（Kp < 3，Dst < −20 nT），排除磁性活动干扰 安静地磁条件下，所有异常都位于震中的西北方向，沿着菲律宾海板块的运动方向 OLR，位势高度，地面气温，复合异常图 OLR存在显著变化，与电离层异常一致（震前1天），震后2天消失； 震前1天，位势高度和地面气温时间序列呈V形下降，震后2天消失； 气温从MW6.1震前1天开始连续4天观察到下降，在MW6.4地震当天显著下降，震前1天位势高度出现了250 m的非典型下降 2019-07-04
和2019-07-06
加州MW6.5，MW7.1TEC GNSS（CORSs）：在6月20—23日，29—30日和7月2日检测到TEC异常；
GIM：在6月20日，22日，29日，7月2日和5日检测到TEC异常TEC、Ne和Te在空间上同步；
震前的异常发生在震中的赤道面（震中东南和西南）在地震相关期间没有磁性风暴，太阳活动和地磁活动等因素对TEC的影响较小 在没有来自太阳风暴、地磁风暴的干扰情况下，3个参数（TEC， Ne 和Te）异常相互验证，且时空连通：TEC和Ne呈正相关，Ne和Te均呈正负相关，主要为负相关，夜间呈较强的线性负相关 Ne，Te CSES：6月20日，26日，28日，30日，7月4—5日Ne和Te异常在空间和时间上吻合； Ne和Te呈负相关，Te随着Ne的减少而增加；
Swarm：Te和Ne在白天既呈负相关又呈正相关，夜间相关性更强；
TEC、Ne和Te在时间上同步
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